Wordsworth and coleridge were the two great poets of Romanticism and it was by their joint efforts that the romantic revival in poetry was brought about during the nineteenth century. The meeting of coleridge and wordsworth in 1797 at Nether stowey was a memorable meeting in the history of English poetry. This meeting made them lifelong friends. Both the friends decided to transform the old style of writing classical poetry and give a new turn and form to poetry. Let's discuss characteristics of Both poets.
Wordsworth as a Romantic Poet
Wordsworth is best known poet for "Lyrical Ballads" (1798) co-written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Also known for "The Prelude" great epic poem. "I wandered Lonely as a Cloud" or "The Daffodils" is the best known poem and considered as classic poem in world of Romantic poetry. The definition of poetry given by Wordsworth is like….
"Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility."
Characteristics of Wordsworth's Poetry
1) Simplicity
Wordsworth used to write against Classical way of writing. He put more emphasis on simplicity in language rather than tough and sophisticated way of writing. He choose incidents and situations from common life and middle and lower class family. Selection of language is also language used by men. He tries to give charm and novelty to the everyday things. Presented simple life of peasants and shepherds and give a realistic picture of his own experience. Here is one example of his simplicity...
Five years have passed;
five summers with the length
of five long winters!
and again I hear
These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs
with a soft inland murmur"
2) Depiction of Rustic Life
Wordsworth choose common and rustic life in his poetry for that he said that in this condition the essential passions of life are less under restrained and expressed in very lighter way. In rustic life human passions are incorporated with the beautiful nature. He said that..
"Selection of language of a men in a state of vivid sensation."
3) Moral Purpose
According to Wordsworth poetry is the breath and finer of all knowledge.Poetry is an instrument for the propagation of moral thoughts. A poetry of revolt against moral ideas is a poetry of revolt against life. A poetry is indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry of indifference towards life.
4) Poetic Diction
According to Wordsworth there three major elements in Petric Diction.
- Language used which is "Really used by Man", filtered and refined words.
- Vivid sensation and colouring Imagination
- No essential difference between words in prose and words in metrical Composition
Characteristics of Coleridge Poetry
1)Supernatural world
Coleridge introduced the dream-like quality which Romanticism upheld and clarified By the power of his imagination he created a world a supernaturalism, magic and mystery in 'The Ancient Mariner, Christabel and Kubla Khan. Some of his verses are -
"Holds him with his glittering eye
The wedding Guest stood still And listens like a three year's child:
The Mariner hath his will
The wedding Guest set on a stone
He cannot choose but hear"
- The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
2) Rhythmic Poem
Coleridge excelled wordsworth in melody. Coleridge was a master of sound. He has been called an 'epicure - in sounds. The Ancient Mariner is one of the best example of his music. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner contains a series of cunning sound pattern Quiller couch speaks highly of the lyrical genius of coleridge. Wordsworth on the other hand was deficient in music. He did not have that ear for fine sounds as coleridge exhibited in the Rime of The Ancient Mariner.
"Water, water, everywhere
And all the boards did sink
Water, water, everywhere
Nor any drop to drink ...."
Alone, alone all, all alone
Alone, on a wide wide sea.
- Coleridge poem are full of Imagination and on the land of fantasy.
- Speech is also exotic and highly imaginative.
Sumitranandan Pant
Considered as one of the most celebrated poets among 20th century. Known for Romanticism in his poems like depiction of nature, people and beauty. Also known as the "Wordsworth of Hindi poems." About him David Rubin writes...
"In the early forties the new psychological and experimental "schools" were emerging. It was typical of both Nirala and Pant that they themselves anticipated these trends and, by the time the new approaches were in vogue, they had already moved on to newer areas of experimentation."
काले बादल में रहती चाँदी की रेखा !
सुनता हूँ, मैंने भी देखा,
काले बादल में रहती चाँदी की रेखा!
काले बादल जाति द्वेष के,
काले बादल विश्व क्लेश के,
काले बादल उठते पथ पर
नव स्वतंत्रता के प्रवेश के!
सुनता आया हूँ, है देखा,
काले बादल में हँसती चाँदी की रेखा!
आज दिशा हैं घोर अँधेरी
नभ में गरज रही रण भेरी,
चमक रही चपला क्षण-क्षण पर
झनक रही झिल्ली झन-झन कर!
नाच-नाच आँगन में गाते केकी-केका
काले बादल में लहरी चाँदी की रेखा।
काले बादल, काले बादल,
मन भय से हो उठता चंचल!
कौन हृदय में कहता पलपल
मृत्यु आ रही साजे दलबल!
आग लग रही, घात चल रहे, विधि का लेखा!
काले बादल में छिपती चाँदी की रेखा!
मुझे मृत्यु की भीति नहीं है,
पर अनीति से प्रीति नहीं है,
यह मनुजोचित रीति नहीं है,
जन में प्रीति प्रतीति नहीं है!
देश जातियों का कब होगा,
नव मानवता में रे एका,
काले बादल में कल की,
सोने की रेखा
Like Wordsworth he give main priority to nature and after that he tries to speak in very simple but meaningful and with moralistic approach. Here in this poem he raised question against rigid caste system in India through the metaphor of "Black Cloud."
We can also see simplicity in the poem of Ramdarash Mishra who used the day to day life and in best order set the words with great imagination. Examples like…
- औरत
- दवा की तलाश
- बेरंग बेनाम चिट्ठियां
चार कौए उर्फ चार हौए
बहुत नहीं थे सिर्फ चार कौए थे काले
उन्होंने यह तय किया कि सारे उड़ने वाले
उनके ढंग से उड़ें, रुकें, खायें और गायें
वे जिसको त्योहार कहें सब उसे मनायें ।
कभी-कभी जादू हो जाता है दुनिया में
दुनिया भर के गुण दिखते हैं औगुनिया में
ये औगुनिए चार बड़े सरताज हो गये
इनके नौकर चील, गरूड़ और बाज हो गये ।
हंस मोर चातक गौरैयें किस गिनती में
हाथ बांधकर खडे़ हो गए सब विनती में
हुक्म हुआ, चातक पंछी रट नहीं लगायें
पिऊ-पिऊ को छोड़ें कौए-कौए गायॆं ।
बीस तरह के काम दे दिए गौरैयों को
खाना-पीना मौज उड़ाना छुटभैयों को
कौओं की ऐसी बन आयी पांचों घी में
बड़े-बड़े मनसूबे आये उनके जी में
उड़ने तक के नियम बदल कर ऐसे ढाले
उड़ने वाले सिर्फ रह गये बैठे ठाले ।
आगे क्या कुछ हुआ सुनाना बहुत कठिन है
यह दिन कवि का नहीं चार कौओं का दिन है
उत्सुकता जग जाये तो मेरे घर आ जाना
लंबा किस्सा थोड़े में किस तरह सुनाना ।
- भवानिप्रसाद मिश्रा
Here is one more example which is suitable to characteristics given by coleridge. Here poets try to make two different things together and without this metaphor this poem may look incomplete. Bhavaniprasad Mishra make satire on political leaders and their way of working and how Indian political system work. He used the symbol of crow which is in black color likewise the political leaders deeds are black on the name of Development.
Well drafted..Examples of Hindi poems are nice
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